Demonstrative pronouns

Hello, students,

As usual, I post here something we've learned before. You need to refresh everything, so please, review this grammar - read, look, watch and practice. This is for your own goods.

Irena

These 4 words -This, These, That and Those are called Demonstrative Pronouns. You should remember that 2 of them are singular and 2 are plural. Also, 2 of them are close to you (at hand) and 2 are far from you (not at hand).

If a person, a place or a thing are nearby, close, here or at hand, we use this (for singular) and these (for plural).

If a person, a place or a thing are far from you, in the distance, there or not at hand, we use that (for singular) and those (plural).

Examples:

This book (near you) is old. (singular)
That book (far from you) is new. (singular)

These books (near you) are old. (plural)
Those books (far from you) are new. (plural)

Please, watch the video. You will understand everything. It's very easy.

Here is another video to help you.

Now look at these exercises and do them. If you need to make the picture bigger, click on it. You can also print it.

Do these exercises.

Ex. 1

Ex. 2

Ex. 3

Ex. 4

Ex. 5

Singular and Plural Nouns

Hello students,

We've learned singular and plural nouns and spelling rules for plural -s. Now you have a chance to review everything. You should watch the videos, read and understand the rules and do some exercises. If you have any questions, please, ask me.

Irena








Here some spelling rules for plural nouns:

Rule #1 (General rule)

For most nouns, add -s.

Examples:
car - cars
table - tables
bag - bags
pen - pens

Rule #2

For nouns ending in -s, -ss, -x, -z, -ch, -sh, just add -es. 

Examples:
bus - buses
box - boxes
bench - benches
church - churches

Exceptions (We double the last consonant before adding -es):
fez - fezzes 
gas - gasses.

Rule #3

For nouns ending in -f and -fe, change the ending to -ves. 

Examples:
calf - caves
half - haves
shelf - shelves
wolf -wolves

Exceptions: 
cuff - cuffs
chef - chefs
belief - beliefs

Rule #4

For nouns ending in -y following by a consonant (-y goes after a consonant), we change -y to -i and add -es.

Examples:
city - cities
candy - candies
lady - ladies


For nouns ending in -y following by a vowel (-y goes after a vowel), we just add -s.

Examples:
boy - boys
day -days
toy - toys 
donkey - donkeys

Rule #5 (nouns ending in -o)

For nouns ending in -o following by a vowel, add -s.

Examples:
radio - radios
stereo - stereos
video - videos


For nouns ending in -o following by a consonant, add -es.

Examples:
potato - potatoes
tomato - tomatoes
hero - heroes
domino - dominoes

Exceptions:
helo - helos
piano - pianos
photo - photos 

There are dome exceptions. They are irregular plural nouns, and they don't have letter -s at the end for plural.

Exceptions:
a child -children
a foot - feet
a tooth - teeth
a goose - geese
a person - people
a man - men
a woman - women
an octopus - octopi
an aircraft - aircraft
a sheep - sheep
a shrimp - shrimp
a deer - deer
an ox - oxen
a mouse - mice

To understand better all the rules and memorize them, please watch these videos.

Now, check yourselves.

Please, do these exercises. Check the answers with your classmates. If you have questions, ask your instructor.

Ex. 1 

Ex. 2

Ex. 3

Ex. 4

Ex. 5

Ex. 6

Click on this picture to make it larger and do the exercise.